EV_1772392474123contradicts
Prenatal and neonatal exposure to testosterone causes male-typical development (masculinisation), whereas female-typical development (feminisation) occurs in the relative absence of testosterone, with these effects occurring during a brief critical period in development when the brain is most sensitive to testosterone or its metabolite oestradiol.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474124contradicts
The developing fetal brain begins in a 'female' typical state, and the presence of the Y-chromosome in males prompts the development of testes, which release testosterone to masculinize the fetal brain, with this masculinizing effect pushing males towards male typical brain structures and most of the time, attraction to females.
other
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474125contradicts
Evidence supports a role for prenatal testosterone exposure in the development of sex-typed interests in childhood, as well as in sexual orientation in later life, at least for some individuals, and it appears that other factors, in addition to hormones, play an important role in determining sexual orientation.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474126contradicts
The influence of hormones on the developing fetus has been the most influential causal hypothesis of the development of sexual orientation, with the developing fetal brain beginning in a 'female' state and testosterone from testes masculinizing the fetal brain.
other
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474128contradicts
Biochemical evidence confirmed in a 2017 lab study found that mothers with a gay son, particularly those with older brothers, had heightened levels of antibodies to the NLGN4Y Y-protein than mothers with heterosexual sons.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474129contradicts
Medical experiments in which newborn and infant boys were surgically reassigned into girls after accidents such as botched circumcisions and then reared as females without telling them did not make them feminine nor attracted to men; all published cases grew up to be strongly attracted to women, demonstrating that socialization effects do not induce feminine sexual behavior in males.
other
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474130contradicts
Dissection studies found that gay men had smaller sized INAH-3 (third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus) than heterosexual males, shifted in the female typical direction, a finding first demonstrated by neuroscientist Simon LeVay.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: medium
CB_01
EV_1772392474131contradicts
Lesbians on average were found to have significantly more masculine digit ratios (2D:4D ratio), a supposed marker of prenatal testosterone exposure, a finding which has been replicated numerous times in studies cross-culturally.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: medium
CB_01
EV_1772392474132contradicts
Animal experiments where scientists manipulate exposure to sex hormones during gestation can induce lifelong male-typical behavior and mounting in female animals, and female-typical behavior in male animals.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474133contradicts
Evidence for the impact of the post-natal social environment on sexual orientation is weak, especially for males, and there is no substantial evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences influence sexual orientation.
other
probative: high
CB_02
EV_1772392474134contradicts
Genetic examinations rooted in behavioral sciences have provided substantial evidence for the heritability of sexual orientation, estimating genetic influence at approximately 32%, with twin studies and segregation analyses revealing that homosexuality is influenced by a complex interplay of biological, genetic, neurological and environmental factors.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_03
EV_1772392474135contradicts
Multiple biological factors contribute to the occurrence of homosexuality, including prenatal sex hormones, particularly testosterone, which shapes behavioral sex differences across various species, and neural circuitry present during early fetal development is believed to play a role in the continuum of sexual orientations.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474136contradicts
Fraternal birth order has been linked to male sexual orientation, possibly due to maternal immunization processes affecting sexual differentiation in fetal life, with progressive immunization of some mothers to male-specific antigens with each successive male fetus potentially impacting brain sexual differentiation.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474137contradicts
The organisational effects of hormones on the fetal brain prior to birth have permanent effects on sexual orientation, indicating the primary role of nature, not post-birth nurture, in the development of male sexual orientation.
other
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392474138contradicts
Existing empirical evidence makes it clear that there is a significant biological contribution to the development of an individual's sexual identity and sexual orientation, with these contributions occurring during prenatal and early neonatal development.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392492631contradicts
Monozygotic twins show a concordance rate of 65.8% for homosexual orientation, while dizygotic twins show a concordance rate of 30.4% for homosexual orientation, suggesting a biological basis in sexual orientation.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_03
EV_1772392492632contradicts
Sexual orientation is shaped by complex biological processes, including genetic markers and maternal immune responses, suggesting it is not determined after birth but rather influenced by prenatal biological factors.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_03
EV_1772392492633contradicts
An increasing number of studies indicate that sexual orientation is not a choice but is rather a multifaceted interaction of genetic, immunological, and neurodevelopmental factors.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: medium
CB_03
EV_1772392492634contradicts
Genetic linkage studies of 409 independent pairs of homosexual brothers (908 analyzed individuals in 384 families) confirmed an association between the Xq28 region of the X chromosome and male homosexuality, suggesting prenatal genetic influences on sexual orientation.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_03
EV_1772392492635contradicts
A 2021 genome-wide association study analyzed 1478 homosexual males and 3313 heterosexual males from the Han Chinese population and identified a new locus, FMR1NB, on chromosome X, suggesting genetic influences on sexual orientation that would be determined before birth.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_03
EV_1772392561808contradicts
The hormonal theory of sexuality holds that exposure to certain hormones during fetal development influences the sexual orientation that emerges later in the individual, with prenatal hormones potentially being the primary determinant of adult sexual orientation or a co-factor.
other
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392561809contradicts
Garcia-Falgueras and Dick Swaab's endocrinology study postulates that 'In humans, the main mechanism responsible of sexual identity and orientation involves a direct effect of testosterone on the developing brain,' with intrauterine exposure to hormones being largely determinative.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392561810contradicts
Sexual differentiation of the brain occurs following genital differentiation, with sex hormones exerting organizational effects on the brain that will be activated in puberty, and the changes brought about in this stage are permanent.
other
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392561811contradicts
Studies of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) show that CAH has a clear but not determining influence on sexual orientation; women with CAH are less likely to be exclusively heterosexual than are other women.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392561814contradicts
The Organizational and Activational Hypothesis posits that sex hormones have twofold effects: early in development they organize the brain and body in a sex-specific manner, and later in life, hormonal changes particularly during puberty activate these structures, suggesting both prenatal hormone exposure and adult hormone levels contribute to sexual differentiation.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392561815contradicts
A meta-analysis including 17 samples and over 3,600 participants showed significant differences in 2D:4D digit ratio between male-to-female (MtF) transgender individuals and male controls, suggesting that variations in prenatal androgen exposure reflect influence on gender identity.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392561816contradicts
A study by Breedlove et al. found correlation of digit ratio (2D:4D) in androphilic females but no association in men, suggesting prenatal androgen exposure influences sexual orientation differently by sex.
peer_reviewed_study
probative: medium
CB_01
EV_1772392579362contradicts
Prenatal factors have an important influence on sexual orientation, with multiple sexually differentiated behavioral, physiological, and morphological traits significantly different in homosexual and heterosexual populations, suggesting homosexual subjects were exposed to atypical endocrine conditions during prenatal development
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392579364contradicts
Early exposure of embryos to different endocrine milieus, particularly high testosterone concentration in male embryos versus low or absent exposure in females, produces irreversible sexual differentiation effects during the embryonic period or just after birth
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392579365contradicts
Sexual orientation is a sexually differentiated behavioral feature programmed into the brain during early development through testosterone surges during the intrauterine period, with no evidence that postnatal social environment plays a crucial role in sexual orientation
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01
EV_1772392579367contradicts
The prenatal endocrine environment has significant influence on human sexual orientation, though a large fraction of the variance in this behavioral characteristic remains unexplained, and genetic differences affecting behavior either directly or by changing embryonic hormone secretion may also be involved
peer_reviewed_study
probative: high
CB_01